CNF: CIENCIA, NATURALEZA Y FUTURO

RESULTADOS GENÉTICOS:

MI HAPLOGRUPO MITOCONDRIAL

Mapas elaborados por FTDNA (Mtdna)

Después de muchos análisis de ADN, y de mucha lectura y busqueda de información, he llegado a muchas conclusiones.

Empecemos explicando un poco:

Pregunta obligada:

-¿Que es la Mitocondria?

Respuesta sencilla:

-La Mitocondria (Mt) es la parte de las células humanas, encargadas del aprovechamiento y distribución de la energía del portador de éstas. Es la central eléctrica de nuestras células, dicho en pocas palabras.

Mitocondria (Lifeder.com)

También debemos de saber, que los hombres y mujeres tenemos nuestro adn ligeramente diferente, y, básicamente somos: XX (las mujeres), y XY (los hombres). Aunque hay más, un poco menos comunes.

Los Haplogrupos se heredan de padres a hijos, en el caso del Ydna, y de las madres a los hijos e hijas en el caso del Mtdna.

El mío es, en el caso del Mtdna, es el más distribuido a nivel mundial.

El H es mi Haplogrupo mitocondrial, y como se ve en el mapa de su distribución, es de una gran amplitud.

Exactamente el H53, un Haplogrupo mitocondrial muy europeo, especialmente vasco.

Aunque ampliamente distribuido por eurasia y el norte de Africa:

Está presente en Polacos (Piotrowska-Nowak), Bielorrusos, Irlandeses, Alemanes, y vascos (Garcia & Behar) a nivel europeo.

Está presente entre los Mozabitas (Hartmann & Lippold), Tuaregs (Zheng), Bereberes.

Asi como entre el pueblo Guanche de las Islas Canarias (Fregel).

Rosa Irene Fregel(Extraído de "Diario de Avisos" el 27/03/2019)

Encontrados estos últimos por la cientifica española, canaria y portadora de mtdna guanche (U6) Rosa Irene Fregel Lorenzo. (Doctora en Biología y profesora del Área de Genética de la Universidad de La Laguna. Su línea de investigación ha estado centrada en el estudio de la población aborigen de Canarias usando técnicas de ADN antiguo y secuenciación masiva).

Reconstrucción de una mujer del Neolítico, de Catalunya, Barcelona. 7500 antes del presente.

Y entre los Uyghures del Xinjiang (Zheng).

A continuación, una aproximación de los Haplogrupos mitocondirales distribuidos por Asia y detallado por regiones:

A continuación, les muestro mis propios resultados (Empresa Ftdna), de la "Región Hipervariable I":

Y "Región Hipervariable II":

Estrechamente relacionado con la expansión de la Agricultura (Trigo Farro y Trigo Escanda, Cebada, Dátiles, Garbanzos, Higos, Lentejas, Pistachos, Almendras, Guisantes, Yero, Uvas, Lino, Cáñamo...).

Hacia regiones como África del Norte (Egipto, Libia, Argelia, Marruecos y las Islas Canarias).

Bimbache Genetics "From wikipedia"

"Bimbache or Bimbape is the name given to the inhabitants of El Hierro, who inhabited the island before the Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands that took place between 1402 and 1496. The Bimbache are one of several peoples native to the Canaries, with a genetic and cultural link to the Berber people of North Africa. The Bimbache people shared a common link with other aboriginal peoples of the Canary Islands.

The island of El Hierro was known to the Bimbache as Eseró or Heró. The word "Bimbache" means "Sons of the Sons of Tenerife", so were believed to be descendants of the Guanches, the ancient inhabitants of the island of Tenerife.

Ordóñez et al. 2017 examined the remains of a large number of Bimbache buried at Punta Azul, El Hierro c. 1015-1200 AD. The 16 samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups E1a (1 sample), E1b1b1a1 (7 samples) and R1b1a2 (7 samples). All the extracted samples of mtDNA belonged to the maternal haplogroup H1-1626. E1a is most common in sub-Saharan Africa, while E1b1b1a1 is very common in North Africa. R1b1a2 is considered a typical European lineage, but is also found at low frequencies in North Africa. About 10% of examined Guanches of Gran Canaria have been found to be carriers of R1b1a2. The dominance of a single maternal lineage (H1-1626) suggested that the Bimbache were a matrilineal society. The authors of the study suggested that the Bimbache were descended from the earliest of two or more migration waves from North Africa to the Canary Island."

Guanches Genetics "From Wikipedia"

"Maca-Meyer et al. 2003 extracted 71 samples of mtDNA from Guanches buried at numerous Canary Islands c. 1000 AD. The examined Guanches were found to have closest genetic affinities to modern Moroccan Berbers, Canary Islanders and Spaniards. They carried a significantly high amount of the maternal haplogroup U6b1. U6b1 is found at very low frequencies in North Africa today, and it was suggested that later developments have significantly altered the Berber gene pool. The authors of the study suggested that the Guanches were descended from migrants from North Africa related to the Berbers, and that the Guanches contributed c. 42%–73% to the maternal gene pool of modern Canary Islanders.

Fregel et al. 2009a extracted 30 samples of Y-DNA from Guanches of the Canary Islands. These belonged to the paternal haplogroups E1a*, (3.33%), E1b1b1a* (23.33%), E1b1b1b* (26.67%), I* (6.67%), J1* (16.67%), K*, P* (3.33%), and R1b1b2 (10.00%). E1a*, E1b1b1a* and E1b1b1b* are common lineages among Berbers, and their high frequency among the Guanches were considered evidence that they were migrants from North Africa. R1b1b2 and I* are very common in lineages in Europe, and their moderate frequency among the examined Guanche males was suggested to have been a result of prehistoric gene flow from Europe into the region across the Mediterranean. It was found that Guanche males contributed less to the gene pool of modern Canary Islanders than Guanche females. Haplogroups typical among the Guanche has been found at high frequencies in Latin America, suggesting that descendants of the Guanche played an active role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Pereira et al. 2010 studies the origins of the maternal haplogroup U6, which is characteristic of Guanches. It was suggested that the U6 had been brought to North Africa by Cro-Magnon-like humans from the Near East during the Upper Paleolithic, who were probably responsible for the formation of the Iberomaurusian culture.^[36] It was also suggested that the maternal haplogroup H1, also frequent among Guanches, had been brought to North Africa during the Holocene by migrants from Iberia, who may have participated in the formation of the Capsian culture.^[36] In a further study, Secher et al. 2014 suggested that U6 had been brought to the Levant from Central Europe in the Upper Paleolithic by people of the Aurignacian culture, forming the Levantine Aurignacian (c. 33000 BC), whose descendants had then further spread U6 as part of a remigration into Africa. U6b1a was suggested to have been brought to the Canary Islands during the initial wave of settlement by Guanches, while U6c1 was suggested to have been brought in a second wave.

Fregel et al. 2009b extracted the mtDNA of 30 Guanches from La Palma, (Benahoaritas). 93% of their mtDNA haplogroups were found to be of West Eurasian origin, while 7% were of sub-Saharan African origin. About 15% of their West Eurasian maternal lineages are specific to Europe and the Near East rather than North Africa, suggesting that the Benahoaritas traced partial descent from either of these regions. The examined Benahoaritas were found to have high frequencies of the maternal haplogroups U6b1 and H1-16260. U6b1 has not been found in North Africa, while H1-16260 is "extremely rare". The results suggested that the North African population from whom the Benahoaritas and other Guanches descended have been largely replaced by subsequent migrations.

Fregel et al. 2015 examined the mtDNA of Guanches of La Gomera (Gomeros). 65% of the examined Gomero swere found to be carriers of the maternal haplogroup U6b1a. The Gomero appeared to be descended from the earliest wave of settlers to the Canary Islands. The maternal haplogroups T2c1 and U6c1 may have been introduced in a second wave of colonization affecting the other islands. It was noted that 44% of modern La Gomerans carry U6b1a. It was determined that La Gomerans have the highest amount of Guanche ancestry among modern Canary Islanders.

Ordóñez et al. 2017 examined the remains of a large number of Guanches of El Hierro (Bimbache) buried at Punta Azul, El Hierro c. 1015–1200 AD. The 16 samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups E1a (1 sample), E1b1b1a1 (7 samples) and R1b1a2 (7 samples). All the extracted samples of mtDNA belonged to the maternal haplogroup H1-1626. The Bimbache were identified as descendants of the first wave of Guanche settlers on the Canary Islands, as they lacked the paternal and maternal lineages identified with the hypothetical second wave.

Rodríguez-Varela et al. 2017 examined the atDNA of 11 Guanches buried at Grand Canaria and Tenerife. The 3 samples of Y-DNA extracted all belonged to the paternal haplogroup E1b1b1b1a1 (E-M183), while the 11 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups H1cf, H2a, L3b1a (3 samples), T2c12, U6b1a (3 samples), J1c3 and U6b. It was determined that the examined Guanches were genetically similar between the 7th and 11th centuries AD, and that they displayed closest genetic affinity to modern North Africans. The evidence supported the notion that the Guanches were descended from a Berber-like population who had migrated from North Africa. Among modern populations, Guanches were also found to be genetically similar to modern Sardinians. Some models found the Guanche to be more closely related to modern Sardinians than modern North Africans. They were determined to be carriers of Early European Farmer (EEF) ancestry, which probably spread into North Africa from Iberia during the Neolithic, or perhaps also later. One Guanche was also found to have ancestry related to European hunter-gathers, providing further evidence of prehistoric gene flow from Europe. It was estimated that modern Canary Islanders derive 16%–31% of their atDNA from the Guanches.

Fregel et al. 2018 examined remains at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud, Morocco (c. 3780–3650 BC). The Kelif el Boroud people were modeled as being equally descended from people buried at the Neolithic sites of Ifri N'Ammar, Morocco (c. 5325–4786 BC) and the Cave of El Toro, Spain (5280–4750 BC). The Kelif el Boroud were thus determined to have carried 50% EEF ancestry, which may have spread with the Cardial Ware culture from Iberia to North Africa during the Neolithic. After the Kelif el Boroud people, additional European ancestry may have been brought to the region from Iberia by people of the Bell Beaker culture. Guanches were found to the genetically very similar to the Kelif el Boroud people.

Fregel et al. 2019 examined the mtDNA of 48 Guanches buried on all the islands of the Canaries. They were found to be carrying maternal lineages characteristic of both North Africa, Europe and the Near East, with Eurasian lineages centered around the Mediterannean being the most common. It was suggested that some of these Eurasian haplogroups had arrived in the region through Chalcolithic and Bronze Age migrations from Europe. Genetic diversity was found to be the highest at Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, while Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and particularly La Gomera and El Hierro had low diversity. Significant genetic differences were detected between Guanches of western and eastern islands, which supported the notion that Guanches were descended from two distinct migration waves. It was considered significant that 40% of all examined Guanches so far belonged to the maternal haplogroup H."

Hacia Asia Occidental y Central (Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Afganistan, Uzbekistan, Kazajstan, Kirguistan,"Xinjiang" o Turkestan chino, hasta incluso la India). Aquí entran los H Mtdna encontrados en el desierto del Tarim, como las famosas momias: "La bella Loulan" o "La bella de Xiaohe", que es el cementerio en donde se encontró, junto con otras decenas de tumbas, también con restos humanos de hombres y mujeres.

Y hacia Europa (entrada de los "Primeros granjeros europeos", a través de la Península Balcánica, y a través del Mar Mediterráneo, de Isla en Isla.

EXPANSIÓN DE LA AGRICULTURA Y DEL PASTOREO

El H Mtdna es uno de los principales protagonistas en la domesticación de los Ovicaprinos, Cerdos, Vacas, así como la difusión del Camello, Gato común, y de los Cánidos domésticos.

ABOUT LINK OF CARDIAL WARE CULTURE, LINEAR BAND CULTURE (LBK IN GERMAN), AND PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC "B" (PPNB) "From wikipedia"

"Fernández et al. 2014 found traces of maternal genetic affinity between people of the Linear Pottery Culture and Cardium pottery with earlier peoples of the Near Eastern Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, and suggested that Neolithic period was initiated by seafaring colonists from the Near East.

Olalde et al. 2015 examined the remains of 6 Cardials buried in Spain c. 5470-5220 BC. The 6 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups K1a2a, X2c, H4a1a (2 samples), H3 and K1a4a1.

The authors of the study suggested that the Cardials and peoples of the Linear Pottery Culture were descended from a common farming population in the Balkans, which had subsequently migrated further westwards into Europe along the Mediterranean coast and Danube river respectively.

Among modern populations, the Cardials were found to be most closely related to Sardinians and Basque people. The Iberian Cardials carried a noticeable amount of hunter-gatherer ancestry. This hunter-gatherer ancestry was more similar to that of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs) than Iberian hunter-gatherers, and appeared to have been acquired before the Cardial expansion into Iberia.

Mathieson et al. 2018 examined three Cardials buried at the Zemunica Cave in modern-day Croatia c. 5800 BC. The two samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups C1a2 and E1b1b1a1b1, while the three samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups H1, K1b1a and N1a1.

Two Cardials buried at Kargadu in modern-day Croatia c. 5600 BC were also examined. The one sample of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroup G2a2a1, while the two samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups H5a and H7c.

The examined Cardials belonged to the Early European Farmer (EEF) cluster, and were found to be closely related to earlier Neolithic populations of north-west Anatolia, other peoples of the Balkan Neolithic, contemporary peoples of the Central European Linear Pottery culture, and later peoples of the Cardial Ware culture in Iberia.

The evidence suggested that the Cardial Ware people and the Linear Pottery people were derived from a single migration from Anatolia into the Balkans, which then split into two and expanded northward and westward further into Europe."

De Wikipedia:

"El Neolítico precerámico se divide en dos fases: A y B. La iniciales que se les asocian son, respectivamente: PPNA y PPNB (en inglés Pre-Pottery Neolithic A y B). La cronología exacta es difícil de establecer, y la existencia de una u otra fase, o de ambas, depende de la zona a estudiar y de los investigadores que la estudien, ya que las distintas escuelas arqueológicas establecen cronologías diferentes."

También está relacionado con la cultura "Iberomaurusian" asi como "El Hombre de Mechta-Afalou".

Probablemente la cultura "Iberomaurusian" esté relacionado con la piel oscura de los cazadores-recolectores-pescadores europeos.

Y mucho más lejos en el mismo continente africano, como expongo a continuación:

Kulubnarti, in Nile river (Sudán) Genetics

"Ancient DNA analysis of subadult specimens from these burial sites found that the mainland samples predominantly carried European and Near Eastern mtDNA clades, such as the K1, H, I5, and U1 lineages; only 36.4% of the mainland individuals belonged to African-based maternal haplogroups. By contrast, 70% of the specimens at the island burial site bore African-based clades, among which were the L2, L1 and L5 mtDNA haplogroups.

In 2015, Sirak et al. analysed the ancient DNA of a Christian-period inhabitant of Kulubnarti. The scientists found that the medieval specimen was most closely related to Middle Eastern populations. 13 individuals from both cemeteries belong to H2a, a European-centered mtDNA haplogroup not previously found in ancient contexts in Africa to our knowledge. 10 individuals from both cemeteries belong to mtDNA haplogroup U5b2b5, though they also exhibit three additional mutations not typically found in members of this haplogroup.

Other mtDNA haplogroups: J2a2e, R0a1, T1a7, U1a1, U3b and N1b1a2. 17 males belong to haplogroups on the E1b1b1 (E-M215) branch that originated in northeast Africa ∼25 kya and is commonly found in present-day Afro-Asiatic speaking groups. 5 males from the S cemetery belonged to haplogroups on the E1b1b1 branch and another belonged to E2a (E-M41), nine belonged to Y haplogroups with likely West Eurasian origins (R2a2b1b2b-L295, J1a2a1a2d2b2b2c~-YSC0000234, J1a2b2b~-BY94, J2a1b1-M92, G2a-P15, G2a2b2a1-L140), albeit also with distributions that include northeastern Africa, compared to only three from the R cemetery (T1a1a1a1b-Y31477, T1a1a-L208, LT)."

Y especialmente relacionada con las personas de piel blanca, desde su génesis (y, junto con el "Haplogrupo U" y "K", además de otros "Mtdna" europeos, fueron los encargados de diseminar los rasgos europoides, en Norteafricanos y Asiáticos):

About "Kehf El baroud" Genetics "From wikipedia"

Fregel et al. 2018 examined the remains of 8 individuals buried at Kelif el Boroud c. 3780-3650 BC during the Neolithic. The 1 sample of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroup T-M184, while the 6 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups X2b (two samples), K1a1b1 (two samples), K1a4a1 and T2b3. The examined individuals were found to share genetic affinities with individuals buried at both the Early Neolithic sites of Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa in Morocco and the Early Neolithic Cave of El Toro in Spain. They were modelled as being of about 50% Early European Farmer (EEF) ancestry and 50% local North African ancestry, suggesting substantial migration from Iberia into North Africa during the Neolithic. They had a lower amount of sub-Saharan African admixture than earlier North Africans buried at Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa. They also carried alleles associated with light skin and light eye color. They were found to be closely related to the Guanches of the Canary Islands.

(A continuación expongo un articulo de ua noticia publicada el 12/10/2017 20:28 H, en "La voz de Galicia")

Los investigadores obtuvieron información genética de casi 1.600 personas, examinando más de 4 millones de polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido a través del genoma, lugares donde el código de ADN puede diferir por una «letra». A partir de este conjunto de datos, los autores fueron capaces de hacer un estudio de asociación del genoma completo y encontraron cuatro áreas clave del genoma donde la variación estaba estrechamente correlacionada con las diferencias de color de piel.

La región con las asociaciones más fuertes fue en y alrededor del gen SLC24A5, una variante que se sabe que desempeña un papel en el color de piel clara en Europa y algunas poblaciones del sur de Asia y se cree que han surgido hace más de 30.000 años. Esta variante era común en las poblaciones de Etiopía y Tanzania que se sabía que tenían ascendencia de Asia sudoriental y el Medio Oriente, lo que sugiere que se llevó a África de esas regiones y, sobre la base de su frecuencia, puede haber sido positivamente seleccionada.

Otra región, que contiene el gen MFSD12, tuvo la segunda asociación más fuerte a la pigmentación de la piel. Este gen se expresa a niveles bajos en la piel despigmentada en individuos con vitíligo, una enfermedad en la que la piel pierde pigmento en algunas áreas. El equipo encontró que las mutaciones en y alrededor de este gen que estaban vinculadas con la pigmentación oscura estaban presentes en altas frecuencias en poblaciones de ascendencia nilo-sahariana, que tienden a tener la piel muy oscura, así como a través de las poblaciones subsaharianas, excepto los san, que tienden a tener la piel más clara.

También identificaron estas variantes, así como otras asociadas con la pigmentación de la piel oscura, en las poblaciones indias del sur de Asia y australo-melanesias, que tienden a tener la coloración de la piel más oscura fuera de África. «El origen de rasgos como la textura del pelo, el color de la piel y estatura, que son compartidos entre algunas poblaciones indígenas en Melanesia y Australia y algunos africanos subsaharianos, ha sido durante mucho tiempo un misterio», dice Tishkoff.

«Algunos han argumentado que se debe a la evolución convergente por lo que evolucionaron independientemente estas mutaciones, pero nuestro estudio encuentra que, en los genes asociados con el color de la piel, tienen variantes idénticas asociadas con la piel oscura como la de los africanos», añade.

«Nuestros datos son consistentes con un evento temprano de migración de los seres humanos modernos de África a lo largo de la costa meridional de Asia y en Australo-Melanesia y un acontecimiento secundario de migración a otras regiones. Sin embargo, también es posible que existiera una única población de origen africano que contenía variantes genéticas asociadas con la piel clara y oscura y que las variantes ligadas con la pigmentación oscura se mantuvieron sólo en los asiáticos del sur y los australo-melanesios y se perdieron en otros eurasiáticos debido a la selección natural», resalta.

Asimismo, fue interesante que las variantes genéticas en MFSD12, OCA2 y HERC2 asociadas con pigmentación ligera de la piel estuvieran en mayor frecuencia en la población africana de san, que tiene los linajes genéticos más antiguos del mundo, así como en europeos. MFSD12 está altamente expresado en los melanocitos, las células que producen melanina.

Para verificar el papel del gen en la contribución a la pigmentación de la piel, los investigadores bloquearon la expresión del gen en células en cultivo y encontraron un aumento en la producción de eumelanina, el tipo de pigmento responsable de la piel, el cabello y el color de los ojos negro y marrón.

«Originalmente, se presume que los humanos modernos que partieron de África para conquistar Europa hace 40,000 años tenían piel oscura, lo cual representa una ventaja en latitudes soleadas. Los nuevos datos confirman que hace 8,500 años, antiguos cazadores-recolectores en España, Luxemburgo y Hungría, también tenían piel oscura. Carecían de las versión requerida de dos genes —SLC24A5 y SLC45A2— responsables por la despigmentación y, por ende, la piel blanca predominante en Europa hoy», explica un reporte de la American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

Culturas relacionadas con la Cultura Capsiense:

Pre-Pottery (A, B)

Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period

Cardium pottery culture

Cernavodă culture

Coțofeni culture

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture

Dudești culture

Gorneşti culture

Gumelnița–Karanovo culture

Hamangia culture

Khirokitia

Linear Pottery culture

Shulaveri-Shomu culture

Neolithic Transylvania

Neolithic Southeastern Europe

Marine archaeology in the Gulf of Cambay

Other locations

Jeulmun pottery period

Jōmon period

Philippine jade culture

Capsian culture

Savanna Pastoral Neolithic

MI YDNA

Mapas elaborados por FTDNA (Ydna)

Mi Ydna también es el más distribuido por Eurasia y el Norte de África, "R1b", el cual tiene a su vez más ramas, una de ellas es a la que pertenece mi familia paterna, es la más distribuida en la península ibérica y Francia, igualmente tambien distibuida en otros lugares de Europa en menor grado.

Ésta rama de la que hablo es la DF27, y mi subclado es como muestro a continuación: R-P312/S116 > Z40481 > ZZ11 > DF27/S250 > ZZ12 > Z46512 > FGC78762 > ZZ19 > Z31644

Ésta parte está más relacionada con las gentes de las estepas pónticas (Ucrania y Asia occidental).

Probablemente relacionada con la domesticación de los Équidos, con toda probabilidad dentro de la "Cultura Botai". En donde se han encontrado restos óseos con haplogrupo Y "R1b".

No hacia Irlanda, pero mis antepasados vinieron de estos mismos lugares.

MI AUTOSÓMICO

En éste caso, es lo que soy yo esencialmente, una mezcla de los cromosomas de los antepasados de ambos progenitores.

Y en ocasiones te ofrece información muy valiosa, como la Persistencia de la lactasa ó Tolerancia a la lactosa.

Mi tipo de sangre es tipo A, Rhesus Negativo. (La sangre Tipo A, es la típica de los pueblos nórdicos.

Y el Rh - es el típico de la región vasca, en donde yo habíto)

Soy portador de el "Alelo C282Y", También llamado "Celtic Curse", "Maldición Céltica".

Mis Telómeros son genéticamente más largos, lo cual podría darnos una ventaja respecto a la regeneración celular, y darnos un aspecto más juvenil.

Mi fototipo de piel es, según la escala de Fitzpatrick: Fototipo II. (Alelo SLC45A2)

Mis ojos son marrones claros y verdes, también llamado "Avellana", llamado "Hazel" en inglés. (Aunque soy portador de OCA2, uno de los alelos para los ojos azules).

Mi color de pelo es Castaño oscuro, pero soy portador de alelos para rubio.

Respecto a mi proporción de Cazador recolector pescador/Neolítico/Invasores de la era de los metales es de: 33%/61%/6% (según el test autosómico de la empresa "23&me", cargado en el banco de FTDNA).